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Öğe Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future perspective(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2022) Ahmed Solyman, Ahmed Amin; Yahya, KhalidSince about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every decade. Mobile phones started with first-generation (1G), then the successful second generation (2G), and then mixed successful auctions since the launch of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were providing voice and gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today, we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently being discussed include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency of just 1 millisecond, and a very high capacity. Given the enormous potential of 5G communication networks and their expected evolution, what should 6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as well as the ability to connect users from anywhere. This article details possible 6G communication networks. More specifically, the primary influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G. © 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Optimization of PID controller parameters for automatic generation control in two-area heating system using firefly algorithm(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2021) Lorenzini, Giulio; Kamarposhti, Mehrdad Ahmadi; Ahmed Solyman, Ahmed AminAutomatic generation control is a vital part of operating and controlling power systems providing adequate and reliable energy with proper quality. Load frequency control is important in large-scale power systems which usually include interconnected control areas, to keep the system frequency and transmit power among areas close to planed values. The mechanical power put into the generators is used to control the frequency of the output electrical power and maintain the transient power among the areas at the planed value. A well-designed power system must be capable of acting well against load changes and perturbations of the system, providing a high level of expected power quality while keeping the frequency in an acceptable range. The problem of automatic frequency setting and crossing power of tie line in power systems dates long back in the history. Various control strategies, often related to the intelligent algorithm applications have been used in the load frequency controller design in recent years. The proportional integral derivative controller has drawn much attention among different types of load frequency controllers. However, recently using intelligent algorithms in optimization problems has occupied a prominent place. In this paper, the firefly algorithm is used to design a PID controller for automatic generation control in a two-area heating power system. The results of this simulation show that the proposed method has achieved a better dynamic performance compared to the PID controller with a degree of freedom in this system. Finally, the dynamic response of the power system under step load changes is investigated by the proposed method and it has been observed that 2-DOF PID controller optimized with the proposed firefly is very effective and it has a good dynamic performance. © 2021 WITPress. All rights reserved.Öğe A voltage stability-based approach to determining the maximum size of wind farms in power systems(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2021) Lorenzini, Giulio; Kamarposhti, Mehrdad Ahmadi; Ahmed Solyman, Ahmed AminCurrent methods to determine the wind farms maximum size do not consider the effect of new wind generation on the Voltage Stability Margins (VSMs). Installing wind power in one area may affect VSMs in other areas of the power system. Buses with high VSMs before wind power injection may be converted into weak buses after wind power injections in other parts of power systems, which may lead to limited future wind farms expansion in other areas. In this paper, two methods are proposed to determine two new wind farms maximum size in order to maximize wind power penetration level. In both methods, the size of any new wind farm is determined using an iterative process which is increased by a constant value. Proposed methods were used in the IEEE 14-bus power system. The results of applying these new methods indicate that the second method results in higher maximum sizes than the first method. © 2021 WITPress. All rights reserved.