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Öğe Assessment of Foreign Direct Investment-Led Growth Argument in South Africa Amidst Urbanization and Industrialization: Evidence from Innovation Accounting Tests(Springer, 2023) Joshua, Udi; Gungor, Hasan; Bekun, Festus VictorThe objective of this study is to investigate the FDI-led growth hypothesis for the case of South Africa for the period between 1970 and 2017. The preliminary analysis of unit root test using traditional methods shows a different order of integration, which necessitates the use of autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) methodology. Additionally, the current study also leverages on the innovative accounting techniques which comprised of impulse response function and forecast error variance decomposition (FEVD), which are employed to explore the responsiveness of the variables on each other. Our study results show that FDI inflow exerts a very strong positive impact on economic growth, thus validating the FDI-induced growth nexus in the South African economy. Furthermore, causality results show a one-way link running only from FDI inflow to economic growth and a unidirectional connection from urbanization to FDI inflow. The implication is that only urbanization matters in attracting FDI inflow to South Africa. These outcomes suggest that there is a need for the government administrators to develop urban centers through improving infrastructure facilities and the provision of industrial zones as a way of expanding both the ready market and the absorptive capacity of the country.Öğe Will financial development and clean energy utilization rejuvenate the environment in BRICS economies?(Wiley, 2022) Zoaka, Joshua Dzankar; Ekwueme, Daberechi Chikezie; Gungor, Hasan; Alola, Andrew AdewaleGlobal warming and environmental degradation caused essentially by changes in climate have attracted enormous surveillance considering the menace of its reverberation on the health of humans during the past two decades. Utilization of energy and financial development (FD) are among the key drivers of climatic change. Thus, using second-generation panel cointegration (the Westerlund, 2007 error-correction model), pooled mean group autoregressive distributive lag model (PMG-ARDL), and the panel dynamic ordinary least square (PDOLS) estimation techniques, the paper scrutinized the nexus between financial development, clean energy usage, economic growth, and environmental quality (proxied by CO2 emissions) of BRICS countries starting from 1980 to 2018. The findings from the study reveal that economic growth and labor force participation, in the long run, deteriorate the environmental quality by increasing the effusion of carbon. Contrarily, financial development, industrialization, trade openness, and renewable energy usage enhance the environmental quality of BRICS countries in the long run. In the short run, financial development was found to have a significant positive impact on the environmental quality of Brazil, China, and Russia, while it is negative for South Africa and India. The outcome of the PVECM Granger causality test reveals a two-way Granger causality that runs from renewable energy to carbon emissions in the short run. The policy implication of this study is that the government of BRICS countries needs to concentrate on improving their clean energy sources and also work on their industries. The BRICS nations' governments should formulate financial and trade policies that promote a sustainable environment and economic development.