Modeling Energy, Education, Trade, and Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from the Middle East

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dc.authoridBekun, Festus Victor/0000-0003-4948-6905
dc.authoridNafi, Shohel Md./0000-0003-4131-4105
dc.authoridvoumik, liton chandra/0000-0002-9612-7350
dc.contributor.authorVoumik, Liton Chandra
dc.contributor.authorMd. Nafi, Shohel
dc.contributor.authorBekun, Festus Victor
dc.contributor.authorHaseki, Murat Ismet
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-11T19:53:11Z
dc.date.available2024-09-11T19:53:11Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.departmentİstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractGlobal warming has become the main concern in the present world. This research takes a comprehensive look at the interconnections between tourism, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable energy, fossil fuels, education, trade, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Arab Peninsula. Including these variables, the research also checks the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by analyzing the top 10 tourist destinations from 1997 to 2019. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman, Lebanon, and Egypt round out the top 10 countries in Arab in terms of tourist arrivals. The paper uses a novel augmented mean group (AMG) model to explore the problems of slope heterogeneity (SH), cross-sectional dependence (CSD), and the combination of level and first-difference stationery. An association between these variables over time can be discovered using the Westerlund cointegration method. To certify the accuracy of the findings, the research used both the mean group (MG) and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG). According to the research, the EKC does not exist in the most popular Middle Eastern travel destinations. This basically means that as money grows, environmental conditions will deteriorate. The findings show that tourism can help reduce environmental harm there. Indicators such as rising populations, increased energy consumption, and thriving economies all influence the rise of the environmental degradation level. Trade will also increase environmental deterioration. The only things that will help reduce CO2 emissions are tourism and renewable energy. Therefore, the MG and CCEMG results corroborate the AMG findings. Governments may push for the widespread use of refillable energy sources and the development of ecotourism. Therefore, policymakers in this country should rethink their tourism strategies and adopt one that places a premium on renewable energy sources and environmental protection.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/su15064919
dc.identifier.issn2071-1050
dc.identifier.issue6en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85162877771en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/su15064919
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11363/8088
dc.identifier.volume15en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000968613700001en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMdpien_US
dc.relation.ispartofSustainabilityen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.snmz20240903_Gen_US
dc.subjectArabian countriesen_US
dc.subjectCO2 emissionen_US
dc.subjectenvironment Kuznets curveen_US
dc.subjectrenewable energyen_US
dc.subjecttourismen_US
dc.titleModeling Energy, Education, Trade, and Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from the Middle Easten_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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